Which system type is essential for structures needing minimal columns or bearing walls?

The selection of trusses or arches as the essential system type for structures requiring minimal columns or bearing walls is based on their unique structural properties. Trusses are frameworks that distribute loads across a wide area, providing significant strength while maintaining lightweight construction. They effectively span large distances without the need for frequent support columns, offering enhanced flexibility in design. This capability makes trusses a preferred choice for applications such as bridges and large open spaces in buildings.

Arches similarly possess the ability to carry loads efficiently while being supported at their ends, allowing for large open areas beneath them. The curvature of an arch enables the distribution of forces, thus reducing the number of required vertical supports. Together, both trusses and arches can create expansive interiors that are unobstructed by columns, allowing for versatile use of space.

In contrast, waffle slabs, while effective in spanning moderate distances, still rely on a grid of ribs that may necessitate some column support, making them less ideal for achieving maximum openness. One-way concrete systems typically involve beams and slabs that do not provide the same openness as truss or arch systems, as they generally require more columns to support the structure. Mass timber systems, while innovative and sustainable, also may require more structural support and do not inherently provide the